What causes oral cancer: Key risk factors you should know

Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a potentially life-threatening condition that commonly affects areas such as the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, and the roof or floor of the mouth. While it can occur at any age, it is more prevalent among older adults and is strongly associated with lifestyle factors like tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and viral infections such as HPV. According to a study published by Cancer Research UK, tobacco and alcohol remain the leading causes of oral cancer. Recognising the causes early can help reduce risk, aid timely diagnosis, and improve long-term health outcomes.Oral cancer refers to cancer that develops in any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks, and roof or floor of the mouth. It can also extend to oropharyngeal regions such as the tonsils and the back of the tongue.1. Tobacco useTobacco is the single most important risk factor for oral cancer. Whether smoked (in the form of cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) or chewed (such as gutkha or snuff), tobacco significantly increases the risk of cancerous changes in the oral tissues.Smokers are up to six times more likely to develop oral cancer than non-smokers.Chewing tobacco, popular in parts of Asia, is strongly associated with cancers of the cheeks, gums, and inner lips.According to Cancer Research UK, tobacco smoke contains more than 70 cancer-causing chemicals that damage the DNA in cells, leading to mutations and potentially cancer.2. Excessive alcohol consumptionHeavy and frequent alcohol intake is another major contributor to oral cancer. Alcohol irritates the mucous membranes, making the tissues of the mouth more susceptible to other carcinogens, such as those found in tobacco.3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) InfectionHPV, particularly HPV type 16, is an emerging and increasingly common cause of oropharyngeal cancers (cancers at the back of the throat, base of the tongue, and tonsils).These cancers are often found in younger adults who may not have traditional risk factors like smoking or alcohol use. HPV-related oral cancers tend to respond better to treatment, but awareness and prevention, such as vaccination, are vital.4. Chewing betel nut or betel quidBetel nut (also called areca nut), often chewed with tobacco or lime, is widely used in South Asian and Pacific cultures. Classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the WHO, this practice causes chronic inflammation and significantly increases oral cancer risk. It can also lead to a precancerous condition known as oral submucous fibrosis, which limits mouth opening and leads to stiff, fibrous tissues.5. Prolonged sun exposure (Lip cancer)Frequent or excessive sun exposure, especially without lip protection, can increase the risk of lip cancer, particularly the lower lipPeople who work outdoors (like farmers or construction workers) are at higher risk.Using a lip balm with SPF, wearing wide-brimmed hats, and limiting sun exposure can help reduce this risk.6. Poor diet and nutritional deficienciesA diet lacking in fruits and vegetables may contribute to the development of oral cancer due to deficiencies in antioxidants, vitamins (especially A, C, and E), and other protective nutrients.Antioxidants from fresh produce help neutralise harmful free radicals that may damage cell DNA. Increasing daily intake of fibre-rich plant-based foods is a simple and effective preventive step.7. Poor oral hygiene and chronic irritationPoor dental hygiene, untreated infections, or poorly fitted dentures that cause constant irritation may increase the risk of developing oral cancer.Chronic trauma from rough teeth, sharp fillings, or ill-fitting dental appliances can lead to persistent inflammation, making tissues more vulnerable to cancerous changes.8. Age, gender, and genetic factorsAge: Most oral cancers are diagnosed in people over 50.Gender: Men are more likely to develop oral cancer than women.Genetics: A family history of oral or other head and neck cancers may slightly increase the risk.Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy, may also be more vulnerable.Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health routine or treatment.Also read | Fatty liver symptoms in the stomach area: Bloating, loss of appetite, and more